Direction for firing in field artillery
|
|
|
Fire
for adjustment (пристрелка). The
adjustment is that phase of the fire through which the preset
data is checked and, if necessary, corrected in order to
lead to the fastest destruction of the target. Through
simultaneous observations and corrections, the following elements should be
adjusted : 1)
to give the correct direction to the shots by
correcting the deviation, 2)
to pass or bring the average trajectory to the
target by changing the sight, 3)
to
obtain well average heights of the
bursts by changing the corrector. During
the adjustment, the fire must be distributed along
the entire front of the target. When the entire front is not equally well
visible, at first the adjustment is directed at the
most clearly visible part of the target, then it is divided along the entire
front. When the target is not clearly visible, but on the line along which
the adjustment is directed, there are some clearly
visible object, the adjustment is done with concentrated fire at this object
and then the fire is transferred and distributed on the target itself. Usually
the adjustment is done with the same projectile
chosen for fire for effect. The battery commander orders the corrections
requested in person, but when possible and he considers it useful, he
instructs the platoon commanders to correct the direction of fire. However,
when fire for effect will be with impact fuze, but
the ground around the target is such that the shells cannot act reliably on impact
(swampland, lakes, river) or, even if effective, cannot be observed
(brushwood, corn, deep snow, meadows, ditches), the adjustment is done on time. According
with the direction it is essential to minimize the duration of the adjustment
in order to switch to fire for effect as quickly as possible. To expedite the
adjustment, the battery at first fire at a chosen point in the area of the
target to determine the elevation and correct the height of burst of the
shrapnel. As soon as the target is clearly located, the guns adjusted their
fire until they obtain the Firing
at single range against uncovered animated target the When
the rounds are seen falling on the target or some of them are short and some
long, there is no bracketing : the guns adopt immediately the elevation
observed and fire for effect begis, after having
firing the group of control rounds. Against animate targets at a distance of
less than Adjustment with time fire (пристрелка на време). It is independent of
the nature of the ground and the shape of the place, and permits to determine
at the same time the distance to the target, the combustion of the fuze and the direction. At first, the fuze
is set on low bursts, i.e. on average at about 1/1000 of the distance. The adjustment with
time fire is done by series of two shots, which are given in turn by the two
platoons, by the same platoon, or by the same gun, with an interval of 2-3’.
With quick-firing guns, when the target is well observed
and the guns are equally defilated, the adjustment
is produced in series of four shots, given by the whole battery and
distributed along the entire front of the target. If the ammunition is low, the adjustment can be done by a single shot, possibly on impact. With not
quick-firing guns, the series of two shots are done
in turn by all platoons. Indications
about the trajectory were given only by the short
shots, the shots on the graze and the fall of the bullets and the heads. The
position of the average trajectory of single sight relative to the target is considered determined when the bursts of at least half
of the shots in the series is well observed. The
determination of the distances of the bursts to the target can
be done only when the area around the target is flat and with a slope
facing the firing battery, or even if it is level, but it is lower than the
firing battery. The estimation of heights of the bursts, when trajectories
are distant from the target and pass higher or lower than it, should be done in relation not to the target, but to the
area over which they occur. The correction of the heights of the bursts can be done either with the fuze
corrector or with the level. Adjusting
the direction of the fire, the magnitude of the lateral corrections is determined by the deviation of the burst or by the end
of the sheaf from the selected point or from flank of the target. If the
shots of individual guns give lateral deviations, it should
be checked whether the clinometer is correctly placed and whether the
aiming point is correctly understood, and, if necessary, done the
corresponding correction. The
adjustment for the direction of the sheaf direction and for the sheaf itself is considered complete if the bursts of the projectiles
are distributed approximately uniformly over the shelled section of the
target or, in the case of a concentrated sheaf, if the bursts are obtained at
a width of 10 millièmes. When the target is
narrower, the bursts outside the target should become equal on both sides. The
height of burst is regarded as correct when the bursts are : 1)
all or more than ½ low; 2)
½ low and ½ on graze, good or even higher; 3)
½ on graze and ½ low, good or even higher; 4)
all
good, but the fall of the bullets or the heads of the projectiles is
certainly observed and makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the
position of the trajectories. The
fuze set must be changed when the burst are : 5)
all or more than ½ on graze, or higher than the
normal ones; 6)
all
good, but the fall of the bullets or of the heads of the projectiles were not
observed. Adjustment with percussion fire (пристрелка на удар). It starts with
single shots fired from the same gun, and after obtaining a 200 m bracket, further narrowing takes place with series of two
shots, then a group of 8 shots was fired at the middle of
the low bracket. At
that point the adjustment goes on as follows : 1)
when the height of the target is one possible
deviation : – if
2-4 shots are short, no correction is introduced, and the fire for effect
begins; – if
only 1 shot is short or all the shots are long, the fire is moved to the
short limit of the low bracket; – if
5-6 shots are short, the level is raised by 1; – if
more than 6 shots are short, the fire is moved to the short limit of the high
bracket; – if 3 identical observations
occur in a row at the beginning of the group, the fire is moved to the
corresponding one of the limits of the bracket. 2)
when the height of the target is greater than one
possible deviation : – if
1-2 shots are short, no correction is introduced, and the fire for effect
begins; – if
only 1 shot is short or all the shots are long, the fire is moved to the
short limit of the low bracket, and the level is raised by 1; – if
4-5 shots are short, aiming is doing with the level; – if
more than 5 shots are short, the fire is moved to the short limit of the high
bracket; – if 3 identical observations
occur in a row at the beginning of the group, the fire is moved to the
corresponding one of the limits of the bracket. If
the falls of the 8 shots of the group are not seen,
more shots are fired until 8 observations are reached. When the results of
the group given in the middle of the short bracket required moving to one of
the limits of the bracket, a new group is started at
that limit. If the observations of this group are
the same as those obtained on the middle of the 50 m bracket, the fire
recedes or advances 50 m from this limit, then, if the new limit is confirmed
with 2-3 observations, the fire continues in the same order. If even with the
correction a bracket is not obtained, the high
bracket is sought and fire continues as above. |